Novedad bibliográfica
This monograph aims to shed light on the linguistic endeavors and educational practices employed by 17th century Spanish Dominicans in their efforts to understand and disseminate knowledge of the Chinese language during this historical period. Ample attention is dedicated to the evolution of Chinese grammars and dictionaries by these authors.
Central to the monograph is the manuscript “Marsh 696”, which comprises a Chinese-Spanish dictionary and a fragmentary Spanish grammar of Mandarin Chinese, a hitherto unknown and unpublished anonymous and undated text entitled Arte de lengua mandarina. This text is probably a fragment of the earliest grammar written by a Westerner of Mandarin Chinese (completed in Manila in c. 1641), previously presumed lost. It is presented here as a facsimile, a transcription of the Spanish text and an English translation alongside a detailed linguistic analysis.
The historical framework outlined in this monograph spans from the predecessors of Francisco Díaz (1606–1646) around 1620, including the Jesuit linguistic production in mainland China and Early Manila Hokkien sources, to the era wherein Antonio Díaz (1667–1715) finalized his revised version of Francisco Díaz’s dictionary.
The monograph scrutinizes these texts in relation to the linguistic contributions of Francisco Varo (1627–1687). Additionally, the monograph incorporates other unpublished texts that are significant for reconstructing the educational curriculum for teaching and learning Chinese by Dominican friars during this period.
Foreword and acknowledgments
1.1 Aims of the book
1.2 A brief historical overview
1.3 Missionary linguistics and the Chinese languages: State of the Art
1.4 Marsh 696
The Arte de lengua mandarina
1.5 Francisco Díaz (1606–1646)
1.5.1 Life
1.5.2 Works
Notes
2.1 Facsimile edition, transliteration and English translation
2.2 Descriptive analysis of the Arte
2.2.1 Introduction
2.2.2 Tonadas and tone diacritics
2.2.3 Non-tonal diacritics: The spiritus asper and the ‘puntillo’
The first ‘manner’, or ‘difference’ of the second class. The Aspiration mark and ‘gutturals’
2.2.4 The second mode
2.2.5 The third mode: The little dot (‘puntillo’)
2.2.6 The fourth ‘mode’
2.2.7 The fifth ‘mode’
2.2.8 Initials
2.2.9 Finals
2.2.10 The final section (Appendix II): Mandarin and Hokkien
2.2.11 The ‘Puntillo’ in other scripts: Baybayin and Manchu
Baybayin
2.3 Reconstruction of the missing parts of the Arte
2.3.1 References to the Arte in the Jagiel. manuscript
2.3.2 References to the ‘arte viejo’ in Francisco Varo’s grammar
Conclusion
2.4 Comparative analysis
2.4.1 Comparison with earlier works
The Arte (Marsh 696) compared with Dominican sources describing Hokkien in the Philippines
The Bocabulario
The Jesuits in China and a brief history of Western romanization of Chinese before Marsh 696
Nicolas Trigault (1577–1628)
The romanizations in Marsh 696 (Arte and Dictionary) and DIAZ1 and DIAZ2?
Alternative spellings in Jagiel. ~ no alternative spellings in Marsh
Vietnam and Japan
Concluding remarks
2.4.2 Marsh 696 compared with the Arte of Francisco Varo
Macrostructure
Definitions, and (semi-) metalinguistic terminology compared
2.5 ConclusionNotes
3.1 The influence of Antonio de Nebrija: The Arte regia
3.2 The versions of the Arte of Francisco Varo (in particular, the MS in the Vatican Library and the MS Library of Congress)
3.3 The Reglas of Morales
3.3.1 Transcription and English translation of the ‘Reglas’ of Morales. For a facsimilar reproduction of the text, see Appendix IV.
3.3.2 The connection between Morales’s Reglas and Varo’s Arte
3.4 Conclusion
Notes
4.1 Hispanic missionary lexicography: Introduction
4.2 Sino-Hispanic lexicography
4.2.1 Dictionaries attributed to Francisco Díaz
Francisco Díaz
Antonio Díaz
4.2.2 Cabecillas, o simpliciter necesario para todos
4.2.3 Breve compendio del vocabulario de compuestos en lengua mandarina
Why is Marsh 696 also attributable to Díaz: A comparison with Jagiel
4.2.4 Target readership, microstructure and content of the lemma
The microstructure of the entries: Lemmatization
Markedness
Symbols
‘Genericè’
‘En lengua’
Lemmatization and the content
Bioacoustics
Other sounds
The Spanish language used in Díaz’s dictionary
Loanwords from Nahuatl and other indigenous languages
Tagalog borrowings
4.2.5 The dictionary of Antonio Díaz (Paris Ms): Facsimile edition, transliteration and English translation
Introduction
Antonio Díaz’s life and work
Analysis
Chinese dictionaries
Explicit references to Chinese dictionary in the entries
Additions
Corrections, different diacritics
Different meaning
Different tone and different meaning
The section on fănqiè
Entries marked with F (Fokien = Hokien)
The content
4.2.6 The Portuguese connection
“Two Chinese-Portuguese dictionaries”
Chung-P’u tzu-hui (ARSI)
How do the two Leiden manuscripts relate to the ARSI manuscript? Can we connect them with each other?
Other indications that suggest a Portuguese connection
The presence of Portuguese in Spanish dictionaries
4.2.7 Conclusion
4.3 Spanish-Chinese lexicography
4.3.1 Introduction
4.3.2 Antonio de Nebrija, Alonso de Molina, San Buenaventura and the Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum
4.3.3 Francisco Varo’s Spanish-Chinese Dictionary
4.4 Conclusion
Notes
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The language
5.3 The teaching program
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Martino Martini (1614–1661)
6.3 Jacob Golius (1596–1667)
6.4 Christian Mentzel (1622–1701)
6.5 Mathurin Veyssière La Croze (1661–1739)
6.6 Gottlieb Siegfried Bayer (1694–1738)
6.7 Étienne Fourmont (1683–1745)
6.8 Julius Klaproth (1783–1835)
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